![]() ![]() The unit conversions of substance concentrations from the molar to the mass concentration scale above are made as follows: However, there is another cluster containing many metabolic substances like cholesterol and glucose at the limit with the blue part (g/L or mmol/L). There appears to be the greatest cluster of substances in the yellow part (μg/L or nmol/L), becoming sparser in the green part (mg/L or μmol/L). Hormones predominate at the left part of the scale, shown with a red at ng/L or pmol/L, being in very low concentration. ( A separate printable image is available for mass and molarity) Reference ranges for blood tests, sorted logarithmically by mass above the scale and by molarity below. In addition, some values, including troponin I and brain natriuretic peptide, are given as the estimated appropriate cutoffs to distinguish healthy people from people with specific conditions, which here are myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, respectively, for the aforementioned substances. However, usual and optimal levels may differ substantially, most notably among vitamins and blood lipids, so these tables give limits on both standard and optimal (or target) ranges. More specifically, optimal levels are generally close to a central tendency of the values found in the population. For most substances presented, the optimal levels are the ones normally found in the population as well. In contrast, optimal (health) range or therapeutic target is a reference range or limit that is based on concentrations or levels that are associated with optimal health or minimal risk of related complications and diseases. Reference ranges are usually given as what are the usual (or normal) values found in the population, more specifically the prediction interval that 95% of the population fall into. Arterial levels for drugs are generally higher than venous levels because of extraction while passing through tissues. Still, the blood values are approximately equal between the arterial and venous sides for most substances, with the exception of acid–base, blood gases and drugs (used in therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) assays). An exception is for acid–base and blood gases, which are generally given for arterial blood. If not otherwise specified, a reference range for a blood test is generally the venous range, as the standard process of obtaining a sample is by venipuncture. ![]() for beta cell function in homeostasis model assessment or thyroid's secretory capacity. Percentages and time-dependent units (mol/s) are used for calculated derived parameters, e.g.liver function tests like AST, ALT, LD and γ-GT in Sweden. Enzyme activity ( kat) is commonly used for e.g.International units (IU) are based on measured biological activity or effect, or for some substances, a specified equivalent mass.Molar concentration (mol/L) is used to a higher degree in most of the rest of the world, including the United Kingdom and other parts of Europe and Australia and New Zealand. ![]() Is usually given with dL (decilitres) as the denominator in the United States, and usually with L (litres) in, for example, Sweden. Mass concentration (g/dL or g/L) is the most common measurement unit in the United States.Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC).Vitamin B 9 (folic acid/folate) in red blood cells.All values in Hematology – white blood cellsĪ few values are for inside red blood cells only:.All values in Hematology – red blood cells (except hemoglobin in plasma).Exceptions are mainly those values that denote total blood concentration, and in this article they are: The precise factor depends on hematocrit as well as amount inside RBCs. ![]() In this article, all values (except the ones listed below) denote blood plasma concentration, which is approximately 60–100% larger than the actual blood concentration if the amount inside red blood cells (RBCs) is negligible. It is determined by collecting data from vast numbers of laboratory tests. Interpretation Ī reference range is usually defined as the set of values 95 percent of the normal population falls within (that is, 95% prediction interval). Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure blood chemistry"), the area of pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids.īlood test results should always be interpreted using the reference range provided by the laboratory that performed the test. Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. ![]()
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